K. Babel, C. Hertogh, and O. Hue, Influence of Ethnic Origin on Predictive Parameters of Performance in Sprint Running in Prepubertal Boys, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.26, issue.9, pp.798-802, 2005.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2004-830562

J. Samson and M. Yerlès, Racial differences in sports performance, Can J Sport Sci, vol.13, pp.109-116, 1988.

J. Charles and A. Bejan, The evolution of speed, size and shape in modern athletics, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.212, issue.15, pp.2419-2425, 2009.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.031161

A. Bejan, E. Jones, and J. Charles, The evolution of speed in athletics: Why the fastest runners are black and swimmers white, International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, vol.5, issue.3, pp.199-211, 2010.
DOI : 10.2495/DNE-V5-N3-199-211

R. Malina, Racial/ethnic variation in the motor development and performance of American children

P. Hutinger, Differences in speed between American Negro and White children in performance of the 35- yard dashes, Res Q, vol.30, pp.366-368, 1959.

C. Milne, V. Seefeldt, and P. Reuschlein, Relationship between grade, sex, race, and motor performance in young children, Res Q, vol.47, pp.726-730, 1976.

N. Ponthieux and D. Barker, Relationship between race and physical fitness, Res Q, vol.36, pp.468-472, 1965.

P. 9. Schutte, J. Townsend, E. Hugg, J. Shoup, R. Malina et al., Density of lean body mass is greater in blacks than in whites, J Appl Physiol, vol.56, pp.1647-1649, 1984.

J. Wang, M. Horlick, J. Thornton, L. Levine, S. Heymsfield et al., Correlations between skeletal muscle mass and bone mass in children 6?18 years: influences of sex, ethnicity, and pubertal status, Growth Dev Aging, vol.63, pp.99-109, 1999.

J. Himes, Racial variations in physical and body composition, Can J Sport Sci, vol.13, pp.117-126, 1988.

J. Nelson and K. Nelson, Skinfold profiles of black and white boys and girls ages 11?13, Hum Biol, vol.58, pp.379-390, 1986.

B. Ayed, K. Latiri, I. Dore, E. Tabka, and Z. , Leg Muscle Power in 12-Year-Old Black and White Tunisian Football Players, Research in Sports Medicine, vol.19, issue.2, pp.103-117, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/15438627.2011.556527

C. Irwin, R. Irwin, T. Ryan, and J. Drayer, Urban minority youth swimming (in)ability in the United States and associated demographic characteristics: toward a drowning prevention plan, Injury Prevention, vol.15, issue.4, pp.234-239020461, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/ip.2008.020461

D. Harriss and G. Atkinson, Update ??? Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.32, issue.11, pp.819-821, 2011.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0031-1287829

J. Durnin and M. Rahaman, The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.37, issue.03, pp.681-689, 1967.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9681(65)90162-1

J. Chatard, J. Lavoie, B. Bourgoin, and J. Lacour, The Contribution of Passive Drag as a Determinant of Swimming Performance, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.11, issue.05, pp.367-372, 1055.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2007-1024820

S. Sayers, D. Harackiewicz, E. Harman, P. Frykman, and M. Rosenstein, Cross-validation of three jump power equations, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.31, issue.4, pp.572-57700005768, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199904000-00013

L. Machado, J. Ribeiro, and L. Costa, The effect of depth on the drag force during underwater gliding: a CFD approach, ISBS?Conference Proceedings Archive, 28 International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports 2010, p.4578

L. Léger and R. Boucher, An indirect continuous running multistage field test: the Université de Montréal track test, Can J Appl Sport Sci, vol.5, pp.77-84, 1980.

J. Bencke, R. Damsgaard, A. Saekmose, P. Jørgensen, K. Jørgensen et al., Anaerobic power and muscle strength characteristics of 11 years old elite and non-elite boys and girls from gymnastics, team handball, tennis and swimming, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, vol.74, issue.3, pp.171-178, 2002.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.01128.x

P. Duché, G. Falgairette, M. Bedu, G. Lac, A. Robert et al., Analysis of performance of prepubertal swimmers assessed from anthropometric and bio-energetic characteristics, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.39, issue.5, pp.467-471, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00599623

J. Jürimäe, K. Haljaste, and A. Cicchella, Analysis of Swimming Performance from Physical, Physiological, and Biomechanical Parameters in Young Swimmers, Pediatric Exercise Science, vol.19, issue.1, pp.70-81, 2007.
DOI : 10.1123/pes.19.1.70

P. Kjendlie, F. Ingjer, R. Stallman, and J. Stray-gundersen, Factors affecting swimming economy in children and adults, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.93, issue.1-2, pp.65-74, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-004-1164-8

E. Lätt, J. Jürimäe, K. Haljaste, A. Cicchella, P. Purge et al., Longitudinal Development of Physical and Performance Parameters during Biological Maturation of Young Male Swimmers, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol.83, issue.1, pp.297-307, 2009.
DOI : 10.2466/pms.108.1.297-307

B. Poujade, C. Hautier, and A. Rouard, Determinants of the energy cost of front-crawl swimming in children, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.87, issue.1, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-001-0564-2

O. Hue, O. Galy, S. Blonc, and C. Hertogh, Anthropometrical and Physiological Determinants of Performance in French West Indian Monofin Swimmers: A First Approach, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.27, issue.8, pp.605-609, 2006.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2005-865856

R. Harik-khan, D. Muller, and R. Wise, Racial Difference in Lung Function in African-American and White Children: Effect of Anthropometric, Socioeconomic, Nutritional, and Environmental Factors, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.160, issue.9, pp.893-900, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwh297

E. Lätt, J. Jürimäe, K. Haljaste, A. Cicchella, P. Purge et al., Physical development and swimming performance during biological maturation in young female swimmers, Coll Antropol, vol.33, pp.117-122, 2009.

G. Falgairette, M. Bedu, N. Fellmann, E. Van-praagh, and J. Coudert, Bio-energetic profile in 144 boys aged from 6 to 15 years with special reference to sexual maturation, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.54, issue.3, pp.151-156, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00643734

S. Berthoin, P. Pelayo, G. Lensel-corbeil, H. Robin, and M. Gerbeaux, Comparison of Maximal Aerobic Speed as Assessed with Laboratory and Field Measurements in Moderately Trained Subjects, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.17, issue.07, pp.525-529, 1996.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2007-972889

B. Ayed, K. Latiri, I. Dore, E. Tabka, and Z. , Leg Muscle Power in 12-Year-Old Black and White Tunisian Football Players, Research in Sports Medicine, vol.19, issue.2, pp.103-117, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/15438627.2011.556527

C. Bosco, P. Komi, J. Tihanyi, G. Fekete, and P. Apor, Mechanical power test and fiber composition of human leg extensor muscles, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.Suppl, issue.1, pp.129-135, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00952545

C. Bosco, P. Mognoni, and P. Luhtanen, Relationship between isokinetic performance and ballistic movement, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.48, issue.3, pp.357-364, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00429072

H. Vandewalle, G. Pérès, and H. Monod, Standard Anaerobic Exercise Tests, Sports Medicine, vol.4, issue.4, pp.268-28900007256, 1987.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-198704040-00004

P. Ama, J. Simoneau, M. Boulay, O. Serresse, G. Thériault et al., Skeletal muscle characteristics in sedentary black and Caucasian males PubMed 38. Rodríguez FA. Maximal oxygen uptake and cardiorespiratory response to maximal 400-m free swimming, running and cycling tests in competitive swimmers, J Appl Physiol. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, vol.6140, pp.1758-176187, 1986.

E. Lätt, J. Jürimäe, K. Haljaste, A. Cicchella, P. Purge et al., Physical development and swimming performance during biological maturation in young female swimmers, Coll Antropol, vol.33, pp.117-122, 2009.

J. Vantorre, L. Seifert, R. Fernandes, J. Boas, and D. Chollet, Comparison of Grab Start between Elite and Trained Swimmers, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.31, issue.12, pp.887-893, 2010.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0030-1265150

J. Vantorre, L. Seifert, R. Fernandes, J. Boas, and D. Chollet, Kinematical Profiling of the Front Crawl Start, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.31, issue.01, pp.16-21, 2010.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0029-1241208

R. Sanders and J. Byatt-smith, Improving feedback on swimming turns and starts exponentially, Proceedings of XIX Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, pp.91-94, 2001.

E. Van-praagh and E. Doré, Short-Term Muscle Power During Growth and Maturation, Sports Medicine, vol.34, issue.5, pp.701-72800007256, 2002.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-200232110-00003

A. Vorontsov and D. Binevski, Swimming speed, stroke rate and stroke length during maximal 100 m freestyle of boys 11?16 years of age, Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX. Saint- Etienne, 2002.

M. Costa, D. Marinho, J. Bragada, A. Silva, and T. Barbosa, Stability of elite freestyle performance from childhood to adulthood, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.14, issue.11, pp.1183-1189587196, 2011.
DOI : 10.1177/0363546509339364

L. Seifert, J. Komar, and P. Leprêtre, Swim Specialty Affects Energy Cost and Motor Organization, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.31, issue.09, pp.624-630, 2010.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0030-1255066