S. K. Ballas, Sickle cell disease: Classification of clinical complications and approaches to preventive and therapeutic management, Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol.68, issue.2-3, pp.105-128, 2018.

L. Beral, N. Lemonne, M. Romana, K. Charlot, M. Billaud et al., Proliferative retinopathy and maculopathy are two independent conditions in sickle cell disease: Is there a role of blood rheology?1, Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, pp.1-9, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01881724

C. Bottin, J. Racine, M. P. Robert, S. Cohen, B. M. Merle et al., Electroretinogram Findings in Early-Stage Sickle Cell Retinopathy According to Hemoglobin Type. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science, vol.58, p.3262, 2017.

G. M. Brittenham, A. N. Schechter, and C. T. Noguchi, Hemoglobin S polymerization: primary determinant of the hemolytic and clinical severity of the sickling syndromes, Blood, vol.65, issue.1, pp.183-192, 1985.

H. F. Bunn, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.337, issue.11, pp.762-769, 1997.

X. Chen, E. Rahimy, R. C. Sergott, R. P. Nunes, E. C. Souza et al., Spectrum of Retinal Vascular Diseases Associated With Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy, American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol.160, issue.1, pp.26-34, 2015.

P. Connes, C. Renoux, M. Romana, M. Abkarian, P. Joly et al., Blood rheological abnormalities in sickle cell anemia, Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol.68, issue.2-3, pp.165-172, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01881733

B. K. Do and D. C. Rodger, Sickle cell disease and the eye, Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, vol.28, issue.6, pp.623-628, 2017.

M. Elagouz, S. Jyothi, B. Gupta, and S. Sivaprasad, Sickle cell disease and the eye: old and new concepts, Survey of Ophthalmology, vol.55, issue.4, pp.359-77, 2010.

P. D. Fox, D. T. Dunn, J. S. Morris, and G. R. Serjeant, Risk factors for proliferative sickle retinopathy, The British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol.74, issue.3, pp.172-178, 1990.

K. Ghasemi-falavarjani, A. W. Scott, K. Wang, I. C. Han, X. Chen et al., Correlation of multimodal imaging in sickle cell retinopathy, Retina, vol.36, pp.111-117, 2016.

I. C. Han, M. Tadarati, K. D. Pacheco, and A. W. Scott, Evaluation of Macular Vascular Abnormalities Identified by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Sickle Cell Disease, American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol.177, pp.90-99, 2017.

Q. V. Hoang, F. Y. Chau, M. Shahidi, and J. I. Lim, Central Macular Splaying and Outer Retinal Thinning in Asymptomatic Sickle Cell Patients by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography, American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol.151, issue.6, pp.990-994, 2011.

J. T. Holladay and . Msee, Visual acuity measurements, Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, vol.30, issue.2, pp.287-290, 2004.

D. C. Hood, Assessing retinal function with the multifocal technique, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, vol.19, issue.5, pp.607-653, 2000.

D. C. Hood, M. Bach, M. Brigell, D. Keating, M. Kondo et al., ISCEV standard for clinical multifocal electroretinography (mfERG, ? International Society For Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision, 2012.

, Documenta Ophthalmologica, vol.124, issue.1, pp.1-13

D. C. Hood, J. G. Odel, C. S. Chen, and B. J. Winn, The multifocal electroretinogram, Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : The Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, vol.23, issue.3, pp.225-260, 2003.

S. A. Hussnain, P. A. Coady, and K. M. Stoessel, Paracentral acute middle maculopathy: precursor to macular thinning in sickle cell retinopathy, BMJ Case Reports, pp.2016-216124, 2017.

T. Ilginis, P. A. Keane, and A. Tufail, Paracentral acute middle maculopathy in sickle cell disease, JAMA Ophthalmology, vol.133, issue.5, pp.614-620, 2015.

J. J. Jung, M. H. Chen, C. R. Frambach, S. Rofagha, and S. S. Lee, Spectral domain versus swept source optical coherence tomography angiography of the retinal capillary plexuses in sickle cell maculopathy, Retinal Cases & Brief Reports, vol.1, 2016.

C. M. Lee, H. C. Charles, R. T. Smith, N. S. Peachey, J. G. Cunha-vaz et al., Quantification of macular ischaemia in sickle cell retinopathy, The British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol.71, issue.7, pp.540-545, 1987.

C. Lemaire, Y. Lamarre, N. Lemonne, X. Waltz, S. Chahed et al., Severe proliferative retinopathy is associated with blood hyperviscosity in sickle cell hemoglobin-C disease but not in sickle cell anemia, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00849032

, Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol.55, issue.2, pp.205-217

N. Leveziel, O. Kirsch, M. Lautier-frau, F. Driss, H. Offret et al., Journal Francais d'ophtalmologie, vol.28, issue.6, pp.642-647, 2005.

M. Lu, V. L. Perez, N. Ma, K. Miyamoto, H. B. Peng et al., VEGF increases retinal vascular ICAM-1 expression in vivo, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol.40, issue.8, pp.1808-1820, 1999.

R. Mathew, R. Bafiq, J. Ramu, E. Pearce, M. Richardson et al., Spectral domain optical coherence tomography in patients with sickle cell disease, British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol.99, issue.7, pp.967-972, 2015.

W. Minvielle, V. Caillaux, S. Y. Cohen, F. Chasset, O. Zambrowski et al., Macular Microangiopathy in Sickle Cell Disease Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, American Journal, 2016.

, Ophthalmology, vol.164, pp.137-181

R. L. Nagel, M. E. Fabry, and M. H. Steinberg, The paradox of hemoglobin SC disease, Blood Reviews, vol.17, issue.3, pp.167-78, 2003.

N. S. Peachey, H. C. Charles, C. M. Lee, G. A. Fishman, J. G. Cunha-vaz et al., Electroretinographic findings in sickle cell retinopathy, Archives of Ophthalmology, issue.7, pp.934-942, 1960.

C. Renoux, M. Romana, P. Joly, S. Ferdinand, C. Faes et al., Effect of Age on Blood Rheology in Sickle Cell Anaemia and Sickle Cell Haemoglobin C Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study, PloS One, vol.11, issue.6, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01881666

A. G. Robson, J. Nilsson, S. Li, S. Jalali, A. B. Fulton et al., ISCEV guide to visual electrodiagnostic procedures, Documenta Ophthalmologica, vol.136, issue.1, pp.1-26, 2018.

C. J. Sanfilippo, M. A. Klufas, D. Sarraf, and I. Tsui, Optical coherence tomography angiography of sickle cell maculopathy, Retinal Cases & Brief Reports, vol.9, issue.4, pp.360-362, 2015.

R. E. Ware, M. De-montalembert, L. Tshilolo, and M. R. Abboud, Sickle cell disease. The Lancet, vol.390, pp.30193-30202, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00696264

, Values are expressed as mean ? SD. Statistically different from HbAA (*p<0, p.5

, Statistically different from HbSS ( ? p<0.05)

, Values are expressed as mean ? SD. Statistically different from HbAA (*p<0, p.5